Lead-acid batteries were invented by Gaston Planet in 1859, and they have been used for 150 years (Tan et al., 2013). They are the most inexpensive energy storage of all the available battery technologies. However, the limited cycling capability of them is an undesirable factor in the economic view of the power network. In Li-ion batteries, the positive electrode anode is made of lithiated metal oxide, and the negative electrode is made of graphitic carbon with a layering structure. Since the lithium element is extremely reactive, the Li-ion. In RFBs, similar to other types of batteries, materials react in reversible chemical reactions during energy conversion. Flow batteries (FB) store energy in active electricity species. Electrically active species are dissolved in.