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Different types of solar panels connected in parallel
As we said above, when connecting solar panels in series, we get an increased wattage in combination with a higher voltage. Such 'higher voltage' means that series connection is more often applied in grid-tied solar systemswhere: 1) the system voltage is often at least 24 volts, and 2) the solar array output voltage is. Here is a series connection of solar panels of different voltage ratings and the same current rating: You can see that if one of the solar panels has a lower voltage rating (and the same current rating) compared to the remaining panels, the. The next basic type of connecting solar panels is in parallel. Connecting solar panels in parallel is just the opposite of series connection and is. A combination of series and parallel connection is also possible. Indeed, this depends on the maximum possible total output voltage and maximum possible total output current of the solar. Here is a parallel connection of solar panels of different voltage ratings and the same current rating: As you can see, things are getting worse, since the total voltage of the array is determined by the solar panel of the lowest.
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FAQs about Different types of solar panels connected in parallel
Why do solar panels need to be connected in parallel?
The connection of multiple solar panels in parallel arises from the need to reach certain current values at the output, without changing the voltage. In fact, by wiring several solar panels in series we increase the voltage (keeping the same current), while wiring them in parallel we increase the current (keeping the same voltage).
Should a solar panel be parallel or series?
Choosing between parallel and series wiring depends on your system's needs. Parallel is perfect for more current without upping voltage. Series fits if you need higher voltage. Consider your charge controller and shadowing too. How do I ensure my solar panels are compatible for a parallel connection?
Can solar PV panels be connected in parallel?
Note that series strings of PV panels can also be connected in parallel (multi-strings) to increase current and therefore power output. In this scenario, all the solar PV panels are of the same type and power rating.
Are solar panels connected in series?
When you connect solar panels in series, the total output current of the solar array is the same as the current passing through a single panel, while the total output voltage is a sum of the voltage drops on each solar panel. The latter is only valid provided that the panels connected are of the same type and power rating.
Can I connect different solar panels in a solar array?
Connect only in series panels of the different brands and of the same current. Connect in parallel panels of different brands and of the same voltage. Connecting different solar panels in a solar array is not recommended since either the voltage or the current might get reduced.
Can solar panels be wired in series?
It is also possible to have series connected solar panels called “strings”, and then connect the individual series strings together in parallel branches. Wiring PV panels in series and then the series-strings in parallel increase both the maximum voltage and the maximum current rating of the array.
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Classification and types of photovoltaic solar panels
Monocrystalline panels are manufactured from a single crystal of pure silicon. This manufacturing process results in a very uniform material that is characterised by high energy efficiency. The main features of this type of panels include: 1. High efficiency: Monocrystalline panels typically have energy conversion rates above. Polycrystalline panels, on the other hand, are made from multiple silicon crystals fused together. This production method is simpler and less expensive than that of monocrystalline panels, which is reflected in the final price of the. Thin-film panels represent a different technology. Instead of using silicon in crystalline form, they use a thin layer of photovoltaic material deposited on a substrate such as glass, plastic or metal. There are different types. Selecting the right type of solar panel involves analyzing several factors: 1. Available space: If space is limited, higher efficiency panels, such as. The choice between monocrystalline, polycrystalline and thin film depends on several factors, such as available space, budget and environmental conditions. Below is a comparison.
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FAQs about Classification and types of photovoltaic solar panels
What are the different types of solar panels?
They are monocrystalline, polycrystalline, mono-PERC and thin-film each of them serving distinct purposes and locations based on specific requirements. Take a look at the comparison of different types of solar panels and their efficiency cater to specific needs: Mid-tier choice in terms of cost, efficiency and power capacity.
What are the different types of photovoltaic panels?
In general, photovoltaic panels are classified into three main categories: monocrystalline, polycrystalline and thin-film panels. Each of them has particularities that make them more or less suitable depending on the environment and the objective of the project. Monocrystalline panels are manufactured from a single crystal of pure silicon.
What are photovoltaic solar panels?
Photovoltaic solar panels are devices specifically designed for the generation of clean energy from sunlight. In general, photovoltaic panels are classified into three main categories: monocrystalline, polycrystalline and thin-film panels.
What is a photovoltaic system?
A photovoltaic system includes an array of PV (photovoltaic) modules, an inverter, interconnection wiring, a battery pack for storage, and a solar tracking mechanism optionally. The most general application of solar panels is solar water heating systems. Read Also: Working of Diesel Power Plant: [Layout, Advantages, Diagrams]
What are the different types of solar panels in the UK?
Monocrystalline and polycrystalline solar panels are the two most common types of solar panel in the UK. In the coming years, monocrystalline will take a significant lead over polycrystalline in terms of popularity, as all the best solar panels on the market now are made with monocrystalline.
How many cells are in a solar panel?
A typical solar panel contains 60, 72, or 90 individual solar cells. The 4 Main Types of Solar Panels There are 4 major types of solar panels available on the market today: monocrystalline, polycrystalline, PERC, and thin-film panels.
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Types and prices of light-transmitting solar panels
There are nine main types of solar panels: monocrystalline, polycrystalline, thin film, transparent, Concentrator Photovoltaics (CPV), Passivated Emitter and Rear Contact (PERC), perovskite, solar tile, and solar t. When you're trying to pick the best solar panelsfor you, you'll need to consider a few factors. If aesthetics is most important to you, you should look into sleek monocrystalline s. The solar panel industry is always developing and changing for the better, as the older models are. When it comes to domestic solar panels, homeowners can choose between polycrystalline, monocrystalline, and thin film – the right type for you will depend entirely on your p. What type of solar panels are best for UK?Monocrystalline solar panels are currently the best option for households in the UK. They're more efficient than polycrystalline, thin film, and all t.
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FAQs about Types and prices of light-transmitting solar panels
What are the different types of solar panels?
There are nine main types of solar panels: monocrystalline, polycrystalline, thin film, transparent, Concentrator Photovoltaics (CPV), Passivated Emitter and Rear Contact (PERC), perovskite, solar tile, and solar thermal. Each of these panels comes with its own advantages and disadvantages, and will suit some homes better than others.
What are the different types of solar panels for sale in the UK?
Solar panels for sale in the UK are available in various designs, so you can choose a style best suited to your home. Thin-film panels have a much thinner profile compared with monocrystalline or polycrystalline panels. Monocrystalline panels are black in colour, whereas polycrystalline panels are blue and speckled.
How much do solar panels cost in the UK?
The cost of solar panels varies depending on where in the UK you live, the type of panels you choose, and your installer. As a guide, expect to pay between Terraced for a 3kW system up to around Large detached for a 6kW system. A solar panel installer will be able to give you an accurate quote according to your requirements.
Should solar panels be made out of organic semiconductors?
Using organic semiconductors would make panels lighter, more flexible, able to absorb a larger part of the electromagnetic light spectrum, and more sustainable. What kind of home do you live in? Which type of solar panel is best? What type of solar panel is the most efficient? What's the newest type of solar panel?
How efficient are solar panels?
Depending on which combination of materials they use, the end product's efficiency rating can be anywhere from 7% to 13%. This is substantially lower than most other types of solar panels, though this fact is usually reflected in their relatively low prices.
Are transparent solar panels worth it?
Transparent solar panels can be placed on top of glass so you can generate solar energy while still letting sunlight through. One day, they'll be integrated into all windows, mobile phones, and greenhouses. They're already available for households, but their low efficiency rate and high cost mean they're usually not worth it.
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What types of panels are there for solar power generation
Monocrystalline panels are manufactured from a single crystal of pure silicon. This manufacturing process results in a very uniform material that is characterised by high energy efficiency. The main features of this type of panels include: 1. High efficiency: Monocrystalline panels typically have energy conversion rates above. Polycrystalline panels, on the other hand, are made from multiple silicon crystals fused together. This production method is simpler and less. Thin-film panels represent a different technology. Instead of using silicon in crystalline form, they use a thin layer of photovoltaic material deposited on a substrate such as glass, plastic or metal. There are different types. Selecting the right type of solar panel involves analyzing several factors: 1. Available space: If space is limited, higher efficiency panels, such as monocrystalline, are ideal because they. The choice between monocrystalline, polycrystalline and thin film depends on several factors, such as available space, budget and environmental conditions. Below is a comparison.
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FAQs about What types of panels are there for solar power generation
What are the different types of solar panels?
Discover the six main types of solar panel, including monocrystalline, polycrystalline, and thin-film. What's in this guide? What are the main types of solar panels? 1. Polycrystalline solar panels 2. Monocrystalline solar panels 3. Thin-film solar panels 4. Transparent solar panels 5. Solar tiles 6. Perovskite solar panels
What are the different types of solar panels in the UK?
Monocrystalline and polycrystalline solar panels are the two most common types of solar panel in the UK. In the coming years, monocrystalline will take a significant lead over polycrystalline in terms of popularity, as all the best solar panels on the market now are made with monocrystalline.
What are the different types of photovoltaic panels?
In general, photovoltaic panels are classified into three main categories: monocrystalline, polycrystalline and thin-film panels. Each of them has particularities that make them more or less suitable depending on the environment and the objective of the project. Monocrystalline panels are manufactured from a single crystal of pure silicon.
What are photovoltaic solar panels?
Photovoltaic solar panels are devices specifically designed for the generation of clean energy from sunlight. In general, photovoltaic panels are classified into three main categories: monocrystalline, polycrystalline and thin-film panels.
What materials are used in solar panels?
Below are the five main materials used in solar panels, and the panel type they are used for. Cadmium Telluride (CdTe) & Copper Indium Gallium Selenide (CIGS): Both Cadmium Telluride and Copper Indium Gallium Selenide are utilized in the production of thin-film solar panels, offering the advantages of increased cost-effectiveness and flexibility.
Which material is best for solar panels?
Solar panel types made of crystalline silicon, especially monocrystalline silicon, have the best material. Silicon holds a substantial 90.9% market share in the solar industry and excels in converting sunlight to electricity, a process known as the photovoltaic (PV) effect.
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How many types of small solar panels are there in China
is the largest market in the world for both and. China's photovoltaic industry began by making panels for, and transitioned to the manufacture of domestic panels in the late 1990s. After substantial government incentives were introduced in 2011, China's solar power market grew dramatically: the country became the.
FAQs about How many types of small solar panels are there in China
What percentage of China's energy use is solar?
Solar power contributes to a small portion of China's total energy use, accounting for 3.5% of China's total energy capacity in 2020. Chinese President Xi Jinping announced at the 2020 Climate Ambition Summit that China plans to have 1,200 GW of combined solar and wind energy capacity by 2030.
How big is China's solar energy capacity in 2020?
In 2020, China saw an increase in annual solar energy installations with 48.4 GW of solar energy capacity being added, accounting for 3.5% of China's energy capacity that year. 2020 is currently the year with the second-largest addition of solar energy capacity in China's history.
Which company makes solar panels in China?
China Sunergy is the Chinese company that manufactures solar panels. They specialize in manufacturing solar panels from silicon wafers and have a production capacity of 1.2 GW and an installed capacity of 1.4GW globally. Both monocrystalline and polycrystalline cells are used for this purpose.
How to find a Chinese solar panel manufacturer?
In such cases, searching for Chinese photovoltaic suppliers through Google can be a great option. Furthermore, China hosts numerous B2B websites that allow you to find reliable and scalable solar panel manufacturers, including Alibaba and 1688.com. Social media offers an excellent way to find and verify Chinese photovoltaic manufacturers.
How many solar panels are produced in China in 2022?
The graph showing the annual export value of Chinese solar panels in USD highlights that by 2022, China's solar panel production had reached 1.4 trillion RMB, accounting for over 80% of the world's solar product capacity.
Does China have a solar industry?
And despite all the turmoil, the Chinese solar industry has the manufacturing capacity to meet the demand. Discover all statistics and data on Solar energy in China now on statista.com!
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How to connect solar panels to see the current
There are two types of inverters used in PV systems: microinverters and string inverters. Both feature MC4 connectors to improve compatibility. In this section, we will explain each of them. Planning the solar array configuration will help you ensure the right voltage/current output for your PV system. In this section, we explain what these. Now, it is important to learn some tips to wire solar panels like a professional, below we provide a list of important considerations. Up to this point, you learned about the key concepts and planning aspects to consider before wiring solar panels. Now, in this section, we provide you.
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FAQs about How to connect solar panels to see the current
How do solar panels work?
There is a solar panel wiring combining series and parallel connections, known as series-parallel. This connection wires solar panels in series by connecting positive to negative terminals to increase voltage and connects these strings in parallel.
How do solar panels connect in parallel?
This connection wires solar panels in series by connecting positive to negative terminals to increase voltage and connects these strings in parallel. All solar panel strings connected in parallel have to feature the same voltage, and they also have to comply with the NEC 690.7, NEC 690.8 (A) (1), and NEC 690.8 (A) (2).
Should you connect solar panels in series?
Connecting solar panels in series means linking them to increase the voltage while keeping the current the same. This setup can be useful if you need to match the voltage requirement of your inverter or charge controller. Check Safety Precautions: Wear protective gear and ensure the panels are not exposed to sunlight when connecting them.
How do you wire a solar panel in series?
In series, you wire the negative end of one panel to the positive end of the next. When wiring in series, you sum up the voltage of each panel to produce the total voltage of the string. The current remains at the current of the least-performing panel.
How to wire solar panels together?
Wiring solar panels together can be done with pre-installed wires at the modules, but extending the wiring to the inverter or service panel requires selecting the right wire. For rooftop PV installations, you can use the PV wire, known in Europe as TUV PV Wire or EN 50618 solar cable standard.
How to calculate solar panels connected in parallel configuration?
The following figure shows solar panels connected in parallel configuration. If the current IM1 is the maximum power point current of one module and IM2 is the maximum power point current of other module then the total current of the parallel-connected module will be IM1 + IM2.
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Solar photovoltaic panels sell electricity
Net metering is a simple, yet powerful system that allows homeowners to sell any excess electricity their solar panels produce back to the grid. Here's how it works: your solar panels generate electricity, which powers your home.
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How to connect two monocrystalline solar panels
As we said above, when connecting solar panels in series, we get an increased wattage in combination with a higher voltage. Such 'higher voltage' means that series connection is more often applied in grid-tied solar systemswhere: 1) the system voltage is often at least 24 volts, and 2) the solar array output voltage is. Here is a series connection of solar panels of different voltage ratings and the same current rating: You can see that if one of the solar panels has a lower voltage rating (and the same current. The next basic type of connecting solar panels is in parallel. Connecting solar panels in parallel is just the opposite of series connection and is used to increase the total output current of. A combination of series and parallel connection is also possible. Indeed, this depends on the maximum possible total output voltage and maximum possible total output current of the solar array, which are limited by the maximum. Here is a parallel connection of solar panels of different voltage ratings and the same current rating: As you can see, things are getting worse, since the total voltage of the array is determined by the solar panel of the lowest.
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FAQs about How to connect two monocrystalline solar panels
Can you mix polycrystalline and monocrystalline solar panels?
Yes, you can mix monocrystalline and polycrystalline together. If they have the same voltage or current, you can put them in series or parallel for best results. Refer to this article to know more if you need to wire panels in series or parallel. Can I add different solar panels to my system? Yes, you can.
Can you use mono and poly solar panels in parallel?
Mono and poly solar panels can be connected in parallel, but their voltage ratings should be the same or close to similar for maximum output to go to the inverter. In either connection, ensure that you use high-quality wires and connectors to prevent power loss.
Can you connect multiple solar panels together?
Connecting multiple solar panels together can enhance the efficiency and power output of your solar power system. This can be done in three primary configurations: parallel, series, and series-parallel. Each method has specific applications and benefits, depending on your power needs and system design.
How to connect solar panels?
The other system components, such as a charge controller, battery, and inverter. There are two main types of connecting solar panels – in series or in parallel. You connect solar panels in series when you want to get a higher voltage. If you, however, need to get higher current, you should connect your panels in parallel.
Can you connect a monocrystalline panel to a polycrystalline panel?
Connecting a monocrystalline panel with a voltage rating of 36 volts and a current rating of 8 amps to a polycrystalline panel with a voltage rating of 30 volts and a current rating of 10 amps in parallel can increase the overall current output without affecting the voltage.
How do you connect solar panels in parallel?
To connect solar panels in parallel, connect all of the positive wires together. Do the same with the negative wires. Be sure that you are using the right wires before connecting the panels. When you connect solar panels in parallel, the amps (current) increase but the voltage doesn't.
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Turning to solar photovoltaic panels
In this comprehensive guide, we'll cover the main methods and key steps involved in installing a solar energy system, the benefits of producing power from the sun, financing options and applicable incentives such as tax credits and energy production, as well as tips for finding an.
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How to check the specifications of solar panels
The wattage of a solar panel represents the electricity it generates under specific test conditions.These conditions include a solar irradiance of 1,000 watts per square meter, solar cell temperature of 25°C, and 1.5 a. Solar panel manufacturers provide two types of warranties: product warranty and p. After learning the 500W, 300W, 175W, and 5W solar panel specifications, you must be wondering about the best solar panel specifications. Actually, the specifications depend on the int.
FAQs about How to check the specifications of solar panels
What is a solar panel specification sheet?
In the solar panel specification sheet, it provides us a lot of information about the parameters of solar panel operation. So that we can choose or install the solar system.
What should a solar specs sheet include?
A specs sheet should have information on the material characteristics, including vital information about the size and dimensions of the solar panels. The electrical specifications are where a lot of the technical terms and metrics begin to show up. It will include data on important specs such as Pmax and temperature testing.
Do solar panels have spec sheets?
The spec sheets of all solar panels include a warning that they may be hazardous when exposed to sunlight. Spec sheets are a very important part of a solar panel.
What is the size of a solar panel?
Generally speaking, the length of solar panels is between 1m and 2.2m, and the width is between 1m and 1.5m. The exact size of the solar panel may also vary depending on the brand or the power of the solar panel. For the weight of solar panels, it is usually between 10kg and 35kg, some larger solar panels for industrial use may be heavier.
What are the key specifications for a solar energy system?
Key specifications to focus on include power output, efficiency, dimensions, weight, voltage, current ratings, and certifications, all vital for planning and designing an efficient solar energy system.
What is a spec rated solar panel?
This spec rating is monitored and adjusted by a MPPT controller to balance the volts and amps to maximize power output. The wattage a solar panel is listed as Pmax (Pmax = Vmp X Imp) NOCT is the temperature rating reached by open circuit cells in a module with these standard perimeter:
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Uganda new solar panels for sale price
How much are solar panels in Uganda? Individual panel prices vary by wattage, starting from UGX 300,000 for small panels to UGX 2 million for high-capacity ones. We're offering a special discount on our solar system packages. Don't wait – get your system at a reduced price now.
FAQs about Uganda new solar panels for sale price
🍀 Which ones are actual in 2024?
Solar System. 40 Watts Pannel SOLAR Panels,Mono 5000watts
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Efficiency conversion of solar panels
Solar-cell efficiency is the portion of energy in the form of sunlight that can be converted via photovoltaics into electricity by the solar cell. The efficiency of the solar cells used in a photovoltaic system, in combination with latitude and climate, determines the annual energy output of the system. For example, a. The factors affecting were expounded in a landmark paper by and in 1961. See for more detail. Thermodynamic. Choosing optimum transparent conductorThe illuminated side of some types of solar cells, thin films, have a transparent conducting film to allow light to enter into the active material and to collect the generated charge carriers. Typically, films with high transmittance. •.•. 18 July 2021. Energy conversion efficiency is measured by dividing the electrical output by the incident light power. Factors influencing output include spectral distribution, spatial distribution of power, temperature, and resistive load. standard 61215 is used to compare the. • • • •.
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FAQs about Efficiency conversion of solar panels
What is solar cell efficiency?
Solar-cell efficiency is the portion of energy in the form of sunlight that can be converted via photovoltaics into electricity by the solar cell. The efficiency of the solar cells used in a photovoltaic system, in combination with latitude and climate, determines the annual energy output of the system.
What is solar panel efficiency?
Solar Panel Efficiency explained. Solar panel efficiency is the amount of sunlight (solar irradiance) that falls on the surface of a solar panel and is converted into electricity. Due to the many advances in photovoltaic technology over the last decade, the average panel conversion efficiency has increased from 15% to over 23%.
What are solar cell energy conversion efficiencies?
Solar cell efficiencies vary from 6% for amorphous silicon-based solar cells to 44.0% with multiple-junction production cells and 44.4% with multiple dies assembled into a hybrid package. Solar cell energy conversion efficiencies for commercially available multicrystalline Si solar cells are around 14–19%.
How is solar panel efficiency determined?
As explained below, solar panel efficiency is determined by two main factors: the photovoltaic (PV) cell efficiency, based on the solar cell design and silicon type, and the total panel efficiency, based on the cell layout, configuration, and panel size.
What is the conversion efficiency of polymer solar panels?
The conversion efficiency higher than 14.69 % was obtained for average yearly PV panel temperature close to 22 °C. An experimentation process and a viability analysis were conducted by about the water evaporation and algal development by installing large-surface semi-transparent polymer solar cells.
How can photovoltaic technology improve energy conversion efficiencies?
Technologically, the main challenge for the photovoltaic industry is improving PV module energy conversion efficiencies. Therefore, a variety of techniques have been tested, applied and deployed on PV and PV/T systems. Combined methods have also been a crucial impact toward efficiency improvement endeavors.
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Soft strip solar panels
Flexible solar panels are thin, lightweight modules that can be bent or rolled up. Their portability makes them suited for off-grid applications such as camping, caravans, motorhomes or boats.
FAQs about Soft strip solar panels
What is a flexible solar panel?
The solar panel has a 0.9m PV cable that is male and female. Flexible solar panels are used in motorhomes. Because it is a semi-flexible type, the panel is flexible and can be bent by almost 30 degrees. Flexible solar panel application in yachts. Unlike ordinary solar cells, it is a flexible frameless model.
Are flexible thin film solar panels a good choice?
Flexible thin film panels are lightweight and durable and can be a great option, depending on your solar needs. To learn more about solar panel manufacturers focusing on flexible products, check out our company reviews on Sunflare and MiaSolé, two companies innovating in the flexible solar space.
What are thin film solar panels?
The current flexible solar panels available to homeowners fall under the "thin film panels." A thin film solar panel is made with layers over 300 times smaller than standard silicon solar panels, giving them a much thinner profile and making them flexible.
What are the different types of flexible solar panels?
There are two forms of flexible panels - one is a specific type of thin film solar, and the other a lightweight version of monocrystalline cells. Image: Wikimedia Commons. Flexible thin film is usually made from Copper-Indium-Gallium-Selenide (CIGS).
What are the best applications for flexible solar panels?
The best application for flexible solar panels is when you need a portable solar solution. Products like the Winnewsun Flexible Solar Panel are one way to generate solar power on the go, like on the roof of an RV. Foldable solar panels, like the SUAOKI Solar Charger, can also be a good choice.
How much do flexible solar panels weigh?
Many flexible solar panels weigh about five pounds versus around 40 pounds for rigid panels. Because of their lighter weight and smaller size, flexible solar panels are great for portable needs. Why do flexible solar panels fail?
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Structure and principle of solar energy concentrating panels
Concentrated solar power (CSP, also known as concentrating solar power, concentrated solar thermal) systems generate by using mirrors or lenses to concentrate a large area of sunlight into a receiver. is generated when the concentrated light is converted to heat (), which drives a (usually a ) connected to an.
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50W solar panels in series
To wire your solar panels in series, simply link the positive MC4 connector of the first solar panel to the negative MC4 connector of the next one, and continue this pattern for the remaining panels.
FAQs about 50W solar panels in series
Can solar panels be wired in series?
The lower the threshold voltage, the lower the dissipation of solar power on the diode. If we have two or more solar panels with the same voltage but with different current, it is NOT possible to wire them in series. Nonetheless it is possible to wire them in parallel.
What is a 230wp solar panel?
A solar panel (formally known as PV module) is an optoelectronic device made from multiple solar cells normally wired in series. Here in Italy the best selling panel is the 230Wp 32V panel, that is composed of 60 polycrystalline solar cells wired in series.
Are solar panels connected in series?
When you connect solar panels in series, the total output current of the solar array is the same as the current passing through a single panel, while the total output voltage is a sum of the voltage drops on each solar panel. The latter is only valid provided that the panels connected are of the same type and power rating.
How many volts does a solar panel have?
For example, let's say you have 3 identical solar panels. All have a voltage of 12 volts and a current of 8 amps. When wired in series, the 3 connected panels (often called a series "string") will have a voltage of 36 volts (12V + 12V + 12V) and a current of 8 amps.
How do I find the best wiring configuration for my solar panel?
Use our solar panel series and parallel calculator to easily find which common wiring configuration maximizes the power output of your solar panels. 1. Find the technical specifications label on the back of your solar panel.
How many volts does a 4 panel solar array use?
Finally, you wire the 2 series strings in parallel to create a 4-panel solar array with a voltage of 28 volts (the lowest voltage rating of the 2 strings) and a current of 11 amps (6A + 5A).